{"id":2214,"date":"2021-02-15T11:37:34","date_gmt":"2021-02-15T14:37:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/oca.eco.br\/?p=2214"},"modified":"2021-03-12T15:33:19","modified_gmt":"2021-03-12T18:33:19","slug":"a-poeira-mineral-e-a-amazonia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/a-poeira-mineral-e-a-amazonia\/","title":{"rendered":"The Mineral Dust and Amazon"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2214\" class=\"elementor elementor-2214\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7758a89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7758a89\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c79d865\" data-id=\"c79d865\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb139f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"eb139f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-bf84d9a elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/author\/lapmar-sites\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-user\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlapmar.sites\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-167523b elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/2021\/02\/15\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-calendar\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>February 15, 2021<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-3989d08 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"commentCount\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/a-poeira-mineral-e-a-amazonia\/#respond\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-comment-dots\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-comments\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNo Comments\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7faddce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7faddce\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a8055a1\" data-id=\"a8055a1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00e5285 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"00e5285\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Do you know the term \"<em>Mineral Dust<\/em>\"? Mineral Dust is aerosols in the atmosphere that allow the formation of clouds. It is very difficult to form cloud droplets without small aerosol particles acting as \u201cseeds\u201d to start their formation! This mineral dust plays a very important role in the climate system and the ecosystem's maintenance!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-59c3813 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"59c3813\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6c0d1ac\" data-id=\"6c0d1ac\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e22f6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"7e22f6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/watch?v=tWvDVybn3Vg&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a5bda7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a5bda7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sahara dust carried by the wind to the Americas. Source:\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 15px\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<\/span>, youtu.be\/J7ORTZcqD68.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-16687ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"16687ee\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3adad5a\" data-id=\"3adad5a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b84283 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5b84283\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>How?<\/strong> Through the biogeochemical interactions of macro and micronutrients that fertilize the oceans and continents! Each pulse of Dust Mineral influences biology and climate in places thousands of miles away from the source.<\/p><p>Arid and semi-arid regions are the main global sources of mineral dust. In these environments, these particles are lifted into the atmosphere by the wind action, transported, and deposited far from their origin. The Sahara Desert in North Africa is the largest, and the most consistent source of mineral dust in the world (National Geographic, 2020)! But what does this have to do with Amazon?<\/p><p>Mineral Dust from the Sahara Desert crosses the Atlantic Ocean, exceeding 3,000 kilometers away, and reaches the Amazon, helping to fertilize terrestrial plants and phytoplanktons! Phytoplankton is aquatic microscopic organisms capable of photosynthesis, being the basis of the food chain in aquatic environments. Thus, millions of tons of mineral dust particles are eroded each year from the Sahara desert soils and are blown over the Atlantic Ocean to the Amazon basin (Gross et al., 2015).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-628010d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"628010d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6709b5c\" data-id=\"6709b5c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc382ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc382ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">But has the Sahara always been the biggest source of Mineral Dust for the Amazon?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5af01a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5af01a7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9038cce\" data-id=\"9038cce\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54831d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"54831d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Well, Nogueira et al. (2021) carried out a study on a lake located in a remote area of the Amazon rainforest, Lago Pata (Figure 1). One of the findings is that the Sahara dust influence on the Amazon basin is probably limited geographically and that fertilization by the Sahara cannot be generalized across the entire Amazon basin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5ba422c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5ba422c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e8e97f6\" data-id=\"e8e97f6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76adff8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"76adff8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"812\" height=\"473\" src=\"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Mapa_LagoPlata-1024x597.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2220\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Mapa_LagoPlata-1024x597.png 1024w, https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Mapa_LagoPlata-300x175.png 300w, https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Mapa_LagoPlata-768x448.png 768w, https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Mapa_LagoPlata.png 1056w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 812px) 100vw, 812px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-183a270 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"183a270\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"MsoCaption\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><a name=\"_Ref64037392\"><\/a>Figure <!-- [if supportFields]&gt;<span><\/span><span><\/span><span><span><span>\u00a0<\/span>SEQ Figure \\* ARABIC <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/span>&lt;![endif]-->1<!-- [if supportFields]&gt;<span><\/span><span><\/span>&lt;![endif]-->. Location map of Lago Pata (PL in the figure).&nbsp;<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-15cc8af elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"15cc8af\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5cf5b6a\" data-id=\"5cf5b6a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1abe15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e1abe15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Besides, the study indicates that the Sahara Desert may not be the only source of dust that reaches the Amazon basin. On long-term time scales, the sedimentary record in Lago Pata points to African deserts (Figure 2), both north of the country and south, as well as the soils of the central and Argentine Andes, as potential contributors. Southern Africa is more important than the Sahara Desert for this sector of the Amazon basin during the middle to late Holocene (~ 8,000 years ago and extending to the present)!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87fd087 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87fd087\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-67d9080\" data-id=\"67d9080\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7257dd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7257dd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"399\" src=\"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Mapa-Africa-ambientes-naturais.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2219\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Mapa-Africa-ambientes-naturais.png 400w, https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Mapa-Africa-ambientes-naturais-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Mapa-Africa-ambientes-naturais-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03d0642 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"03d0642\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"MsoCaption\" style=\"text-align: center\" align=\"center\">Figure 2. African continent main environments. Source: GeoEnsino,&nbsp;<span lang=\"EN-US\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.geoensino.net\/2012\/08\/ambientes-naturais-do-continente\"><span lang=\"PT-BR\">www.geoensino.net\/2012\/08\/ambientes-naturais-do-continente<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffc6a91 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ffc6a91\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fedd740\" data-id=\"fedd740\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1618762 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1618762\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The study suggests that the flow of dust from the Sahara to Lake Pata, during the middle Holocene, has decreased by up to five times compared to the current contribution, which coincides with the African Wet Period (14.8 - 5.5 thousand years ago). In that period, instead of being the sandy desert we now know, the Sahara was covered with grass and shrubs. In this environment, hunters domesticated buffalo and goats and developed an initial symbolic art system (NOAA) (Figure 3).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7bea472 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7bea472\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6b91ee0\" data-id=\"6b91ee0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8702c72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8702c72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"129\" src=\"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Early-Symbolic-Art_0.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2216\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-900c1af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"900c1af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figure 3. Hunters domesticated buffalo and goats and developed an early symbolic art system. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/abrupt-climate-change\/End%20of%20the%20African%20Humid%20Period\">www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/abrupt-climate-change\/End%20of%20the%20African%20Humid%20Period<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1e61194 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1e61194\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2c26c86\" data-id=\"2c26c86\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62535ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"62535ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The study estimated lesser contributions of mineral dust from the Sahara over the past 7,500 years. The contribution of the Sahara to the western Amazon varied from 4 to 10%. The other contributions were from the south of the African continent (10 to 50%), from Bolivian\/Peruvian soils (8 to 11%) and, Argentine soils (13 to 15%).<\/p><p>Did you find it interesting? Check out the video that NASA developed to explain the transport of Mineral Dust from the Sahara Desert to the Amazon basin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d8ded61 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d8ded61\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4016528\" data-id=\"4016528\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52777b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"52777b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/watch?v=K6MWaphv8Ec&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da24870 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da24870\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The original video can be found here: https:\/\/youtu.be\/ygulQJoIe2Y<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-de5deb9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"de5deb9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7b2c8e6\" data-id=\"7b2c8e6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d15e54e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d15e54e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">References<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-018f9d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"018f9d5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bbd656d\" data-id=\"bbd656d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0314197 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0314197\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Alejandra Borunda, National Geographic. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/science\/2020\/06\/concerned-saharan-dust-plume-crucial-to-ecosystem\/\">https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/science\/2020\/06\/concerned-saharan-dust-plume-crucial-to-ecosystem\/<\/a><\/p><p>National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/abrupt-climate-change\/End%20of%20the%20African%20Humid%20Period\">https:\/\/www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/abrupt-climate-change\/End%20of%20the%20African%20Humid%20Period<\/a><\/p><p>Gross, A., Goren, T., Pio, C., Cardoso, J., Tirosh, O., Todd, M. C., Rosenfeld, D., Weiner, T., Cust\u00f3dio, D., &amp; Angert, A. (2015). Variability in sources and concentrations of Saharan dust phosphorus over the Atlantic Ocean.\u00a0<em>Environmental Science &amp; Technology Letters<\/em>,\u00a0<em>2<\/em>(2), 31-37.<\/p><p>Nogueira, J., Evangelista, H., de Morisson Valeriano, C., Sifeddine, A., Neto, C., Vaz, G., &#8230; &amp; Shimizu, M. H. (2021). Dust arriving in the Amazon basin over the past 7,500 years came from diverse sources.\u00a0<em>Communications Earth &amp; Environment<\/em>,\u00a0<em>2<\/em>(1), 1-11.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c041c49 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c041c49\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d725c6b\" data-id=\"d725c6b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-750d64a elementor-share-buttons--view-icon elementor-share-buttons--skin-flat elementor-share-buttons--shape-circle elementor-grid-0 elementor-share-buttons--color-official elementor-widget elementor-widget-share-buttons\" data-id=\"750d64a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"share-buttons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_facebook\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Share on facebook\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-facebook\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_twitter\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Share on twitter\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-twitter\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Voc\u00ea conhece o termo \u201cPoeira Mineral\u201d? A poeira mineral s\u00e3o aeross\u00f3is na atmosfera que permitem a forma\u00e7\u00e3o das nuvens. \u00c9 muito dif\u00edcil formar as got\u00edculas de nuvem sem que pequenas part\u00edculas de aerossol atuem como &#8220;sementes&#8221; para iniciar a sua forma\u00e7\u00e3o! Esta poeira mineral desempenha um papel muito importante no sistema clim\u00e1tico, e na manuten\u00e7\u00e3o[&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2235,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"zakra_general_container_width":0,"zakra_general_content_width":0,"zakra_general_sidebar_width":0,"zakra_sticky_header":"customizer","zakra_header_main_area":true,"zakra_site_logo_width":0,"zakra_header_top_enabled":"customizer","zakra_header_top_style":"customizer","zakra_primary_menu_item_style":"customizer","zakra_page_header_text_color":"","zakra_page_header_layout":"customizer","zakra_page_title_bg":"","zakra_footer_widgets_bg_image":0,"zakra_page_title_bg_repeat":"customizer","zakra_page_title_bg_position":"customizer","zakra_page_title_bg_size":"customizer","zakra_page_title_bg_attachment":"customizer","zakra_breadcrumbs_enabled":"customizer","zakra_breadcrumbs_text_color":"","zakra_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","zakra_breadcrumbs_link_color":"","zakra_breadcrumbs_link_hover_color":"","zakra_page_title_bg_image":0,"zakra_footer_widgets_enabled":"customizer","zakra_footer_column_layout_1_style":"customizer","zakra_footer_widgets_bg":"","zakra_footer_widgets_bg_repeat":"customizer","zakra_footer_widgets_bg_position":"customizer","zakra_footer_widgets_bg_size":"customizer","zakra_footer_widgets_bg_attachment":"customizer","zakra_footer_bar_enabled":"customizer","zakra_footer_bar_style":"customizer","zakra_page_container_layout":"customizer","zakra_page_sidebar_layout":"customizer","zakra_remove_content_margin":false,"zakra_sidebar":"customizer","zakra_transparent_header":"customizer","zakra_logo":0,"zakra_main_header_style":"default","zakra_menu_item_color":"","zakra_menu_item_hover_color":"","zakra_menu_item_active_color":"","zakra_menu_active_style":"","zakra_page_header":true,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2214","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-amazonia"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2214","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2214"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2214\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2235"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2214"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2214"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2214"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}