{"id":3335,"date":"2021-04-16T10:18:23","date_gmt":"2021-04-16T13:18:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/?p=3335"},"modified":"2021-07-08T15:05:11","modified_gmt":"2021-07-08T18:05:11","slug":"os-microplasticos-e-os-organismos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/os-microplasticos-e-os-organismos\/","title":{"rendered":"Microplastics and Organisms"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3335\" class=\"elementor elementor-3335\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f0c02d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f0c02d5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f706ed9\" data-id=\"f706ed9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1f545e elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"f1f545e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-4d68027 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/author\/lapmar-sites\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-user-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-author\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-info__item-prefix\">D\u00e9bora Rodrigues e<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tlapmar.sites\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-167523b elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/2021\/04\/16\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-calendar\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>April 16, 2021<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-3989d08 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"commentCount\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/os-microplasticos-e-os-organismos\/#respond\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-comment-dots\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-comments\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNo Comments\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0de28e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0de28e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-85618d6\" data-id=\"85618d6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a11241 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a11241\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Microplastics (MPs) are plastic particles with maximum dimensions of 5 mm. This material is distributed on a large scale in environments, reaching more remote areas of the ocean and entering the food chain of many organisms on a global scale.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9e1cb28 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9e1cb28\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b71d3a9\" data-id=\"b71d3a9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ada624 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0ada624\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"719\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/oca_1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3344\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e17fd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0e17fd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figure 1: The various shapes and sizes of plastic microspheres. Source: 5Gyres<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2cf1aaa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2cf1aaa\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f4606d4\" data-id=\"f4606d4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c347683 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c347683\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left\">The plastic resins global production reaches around 300 million metric tons per year. These materials showed an increase in annual production of 8.7% between 1950 and 2012. PE (polyethylene) and PP (polypropylene) are the most abundant thermoplastic resins among the MPs collected in the oceans and coastal regions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d6b6235 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d6b6235\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53463c7\" data-id=\"53463c7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c3fe55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c3fe55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left\">Microplastics can be of primary or secondary origin. Primary PMs are produced industrially, as an example of microspheres. Microspheres are used in personal care products like scrubs, toothpaste, and soaps, or they can be used to give texture to a certain material. <strong>However, microspheres can absorb toxins from the environment they are, <\/strong>such as pesticides and pollutants. After ingestion of this microplastic by an organism, the absorbed toxins can be released to it.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-553ed88 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"553ed88\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fbb98f1\" data-id=\"fbb98f1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ad7692 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ad7692\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left\">MPs of secondary origin are the most abundant microplastics in the environment. They are the result of the use and climatic degradation (sun, rain, waves) of larger plastic materials dumped in coastal environments and the ocean. In beach ecosystems, for example, climate degradation is responsible for the largest source of secondary MPs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-82026cd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"82026cd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-204e8b9\" data-id=\"204e8b9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77e155a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"77e155a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Most MPs are found in coastal regions close to population centers, with an estimated 270 billion metric tons of microplastic in these areas. MPs consumed by plankton are not included in this estimate.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94e9604 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94e9604\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3098a82\" data-id=\"3098a82\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65b3338 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65b3338\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left\">Phytoplankton is very important for the marine food chain since they are the base organisms. The absorption of microplastic by phytoplankton reduces its capacity for photosynthesis and creates stress in this organism, which cannot expel microplastics from its body. The decrease in photosynthesis and the number of organisms in the environment can cause the reduction of all other following organisms.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c3ee3e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c3ee3e0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d9cc33b\" data-id=\"d9cc33b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77d95cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"77d95cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"432\" height=\"318\" src=\"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/oca_2.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3343\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e814c68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e814c68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figure 2: Particles of fluorescent microplastic ingested by 3 distinct species of zooplankton (a) Marenzelleria spp., (B) Bosmina coregoni maritima, (c) Tintinnopsis lobiancoi. Source: Set\u00e4l\u00e4, O., Fleming-Lehtinen, V., &amp; Lehtiniemi, M., 2014.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f0c7073 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f0c7073\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4450b9d\" data-id=\"4450b9d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dadd3cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dadd3cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left\">The concern about plastic waste in the oceans has become increasingly significant over the years, especially due to the ingestion of plastic by organisms. In the Maranh\u00e3o estuarine complex, on the Amazon coast, plastics fragments ingested by Hypanus guttatus, known as a  Longnose stingray or garbage ray, were found.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6086016 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6086016\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5248b5\" data-id=\"d5248b5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50af6fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"50af6fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"880\" height=\"586\" src=\"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/oca_3-1024x682.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3342\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/oca_3-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/oca_3.jpg 1298w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e78a1ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e78a1ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figure 3:  Longnose stingray example. Source: Andy Murch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a3639a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a3639a6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e60f142\" data-id=\"e60f142\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a2afcd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a2afcd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>During the ingested substances analysis, it was possible to identify significant levels of MPs present in the Longnose stingray. The species is an important predator of coastal benthic and benthopelagic organisms. As a top predator, <strong>these organisms are susceptible to accumulating microplastics through the food chain by passive ingestion<\/strong>, which is the act of consuming an organism that already had microplastics in its body.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b0a9de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b0a9de\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-427b4a9\" data-id=\"427b4a9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5967d12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5967d12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left\">In its stomach, it was possible to identify that, of the ingested plastic, 82% were fibers and the other 18% were fragments mainly blue (47%) or transparent (35.3%), and in smaller portions, black (11.8%) and red (5.9%).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-048eee5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"048eee5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0fd2b7\" data-id=\"c0fd2b7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19adadb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"19adadb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"531\" height=\"511\" src=\"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/oca_4.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3341\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c5ce9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3c5ce9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figure 4: Three distinct categories of the microplastic present in the stomach of the Longnose stingray, Hypannus guttatus, collected in the Maranh\u00e3o gulf, being: (A) transparent fiber, (B) red fiber, (C) blue fiber, (D) black fiber, ( E) blue fragment. Source: Egado et al. (2021)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48355b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48355b0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5418082\" data-id=\"5418082\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2f6757 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2f6757\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Six types of PM polymers have also been found in stingrays. The most abundant polymer was PET (polyethylene terephthalate), widely used in textile production, such as clothes and sheets. PET is a type of microplastic common in domestic sewage and, because it is a dense polymer, it precipitates to the bottom of aquatic environments and can be ingested by benthic organisms. Two other polymers were also observed in the rays: PE and PA, which may have their origin associated with the fishing material.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d9718f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d9718f1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a9b80d7\" data-id=\"a9b80d7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f410cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1f410cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The use and disposal of plastic products is an alarming topic. Several countries such as the United Kingdom, France, the USA, and Japan have already adopted measures to ban or reduce the use of these compounds. Companies like Dove, Unilever, Nestl\u00e9, Tramontina, and others, work to reduce the use of plastics in general or adopt the use of recycled plastics. Regarding plastic microspheres, one of the best solutions is <strong>not to use<\/strong>. There are several organic or natural materials that can replace and have the same function as plastic microspheres, such as products with sugar, coffee granules, oats, or volcanic minerals.<\/p><p>Below we have the video from NOAA explaining microplastics:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3a8fc78 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3a8fc78\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75da4c5\" data-id=\"75da4c5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f5ad28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"0f5ad28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/9GpuyaliPJo&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-528ea03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"528ea03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, https:\/\/oceanservice.noaa.gov\/facts\/microplastics.html<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b6c9774 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b6c9774\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-41b75d4\" data-id=\"41b75d4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d1f66d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d1f66d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">References<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8bcc493 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8bcc493\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1fef5c1\" data-id=\"1fef5c1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bed41c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bed41c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anagnosti, L., Varvaresou, A., Pavlou, P., Protopapa, E., &amp; Carayanni, V., 2021. Worldwide actions against plastic pollution from microbeads and microplastics in cosmetics focusing on European policies. Has the issue been handled effectively?.\u00a0<em>Marine Pollution Bulletin<\/em>,\u00a0<em>162<\/em>, 111883. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0269749113005411\">https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0269749113005411<\/a><\/p><p>Andrady, A. L., 2014. The plastic in microplastics: A review. <em>Marine Pollution Bulletin 119 (2017) 12\u201322.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.01.082\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.01.082<\/a><\/p><p>Anderson, A., Baker, J. E., Andrady, A. L., Bouwman H., 2015. Sources, fate, and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: a global assessment. Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 90, 96 p. <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/marine\/good-environmental-status\/descriptor-10\/pdf\/GESAMP_microplastics%20full%20study.pdf\">https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/marine\/good-environmental-status\/descriptor-10\/pdf\/GESAMP_microplastics%20full%20study.pdf<\/a><\/p><p>Covernton, G. A., Cox, K. 2019. Commentary on: Abundance and distribution of microplastics within surface sediments of a key shellfish growing region of Canada, <em>Plos One <\/em>14(12): e0225945<em>.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0225945\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0225945<\/a><\/p><p>Egado, T., Brabo, L., Schmid, K., Sarti, F., Gava, T. T., Nunes, J., Chelazzi, D., Cincinelli, A., Giarrizzo, T. Ingestion of microplastics by Hypanus guttatus stingrays in the Western Atlantic Ocean (Brazilian Amazon Coast).\u00a0<em>Marine Pollution Bulletin<\/em>,\u00a0<em>162<\/em>, 111799. 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111799\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111799<\/a><\/p><p>Gazulha. V, O efeito do micropl\u00e1stico no zoopl\u00e2ncton marinho. Dispon\u00edvel em: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.vgconsultoriaambiental.com.br\/o-efeito-dos-microplasticos-no-zooplancton-marinho\/\">www.vgconsultoriaambiental.com.br\/o-efeito-dos-microplasticos-no-zooplancton-marinho\/<\/a>.<\/p><p>Set\u00e4l\u00e4, O., Fleming-Lehtinen, V., &amp; Lehtiniemi, M. Ingestion and transfer of microplastics in the planktonic food web. <em>Environmental Pollution<\/em>, 185, 77\u201383, 2014.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0269749113005411\">https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0269749113005411<\/a><\/p><p>Empresas que lutam contra o pl\u00e1stico: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.consumidormoderno.com.br\/2019\/10\/24\/13-iniciativas-de-grandes-empresas-na-luta-contra-o-uso-de-plastico\/\">https:\/\/www.consumidormoderno.com.br\/2019\/10\/24\/13-iniciativas-de-grandes-empresas-na-luta-contra-o-uso-de-plastico\/<\/a><\/p><p>Materiais que podem substituir as microesferas pl\u00e1sticas: <a href=\"https:\/\/redandhoney.com\/replace-microbeads-natural-exfoliatiors\/\">https:\/\/redandhoney.com\/replace-microbeads-natural-exfoliatiors\/<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Micropl\u00e1sticos (MPs) s\u00e3o part\u00edculas de pl\u00e1stico com dimens\u00f5es m\u00e1ximas de 5 mm. Esse material \u00e9 distribu\u00eddo em grande escala nos ambientes, chegando a \u00e1reas mais remotas do oceano e se inserindo na cadeia alimentar de muitos organismos em escala global. Figura 1: As variadas formas e tamanhos de microesferas de pl\u00e1stico. Fonte: 5Gyres A produ\u00e7\u00e3o[&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3344,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"zakra_general_container_width":0,"zakra_general_content_width":0,"zakra_general_sidebar_width":0,"zakra_sticky_header":"customizer","zakra_header_main_area":true,"zakra_site_logo_width":0,"zakra_header_top_enabled":"customizer","zakra_header_top_style":"customizer","zakra_primary_menu_item_style":"customizer","zakra_page_header_text_color":"","zakra_page_header_layout":"customizer","zakra_page_title_bg":"","zakra_footer_widgets_bg_image":0,"zakra_page_title_bg_repeat":"customizer","zakra_page_title_bg_position":"customizer","zakra_page_title_bg_size":"customizer","zakra_page_title_bg_attachment":"customizer","zakra_breadcrumbs_enabled":"customizer","zakra_breadcrumbs_text_color":"","zakra_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","zakra_breadcrumbs_link_color":"","zakra_breadcrumbs_link_hover_color":"","zakra_page_title_bg_image":0,"zakra_footer_widgets_enabled":"customizer","zakra_footer_column_layout_1_style":"customizer","zakra_footer_widgets_bg":"","zakra_footer_widgets_bg_repeat":"customizer","zakra_footer_widgets_bg_position":"customizer","zakra_footer_widgets_bg_size":"customizer","zakra_footer_widgets_bg_attachment":"customizer","zakra_footer_bar_enabled":"customizer","zakra_footer_bar_style":"customizer","zakra_page_container_layout":"customizer","zakra_page_sidebar_layout":"customizer","zakra_remove_content_margin":false,"zakra_sidebar":"customizer","zakra_transparent_header":"customizer","zakra_logo":0,"zakra_main_header_style":"default","zakra_menu_item_color":"","zakra_menu_item_hover_color":"","zakra_menu_item_active_color":"","zakra_menu_active_style":"","zakra_page_header":true,"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[86],"class_list":["post-3335","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-plastico","tag-microplastico"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3335","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3335"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3335\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3344"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3335"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3335"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oca.eco.br\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3335"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}